Unprescribed use of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids in men – Criminals or Sporting and Muscle Enthusiasts?

Authors: Harvey, O., van Teijlingen, E.

Editors: Berry, M., Berry, C., Caudwell, J.

Publication Date: 10/06/2026

Pages: 73-88

Publisher: Routledge

Place of Publication: London

ISBN: 978-1-032-94201-8

DOI: 10.4324/9781003569466-7

Abstract:

Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (AAS) use has its roots in sports, particularly those where being muscular gives you an advantage. The estimated population of the UK aged 16 to 59 years who reported AAS use in their lifetime is 227,000 (ONS, 2023) use combined with a lifestyle of high amounts of exercise. One of the main reasons men turn to AAS is that exercise alone does not achieve the desired results. In western cultures the well-muscled physique has become associated with masculinity. Reasons for AAS use are complex, ‘to increase muscle’ linked a range of other motivations, some linked to masculine identity. Approximately 30% of AAS users become dependent, and one risk factor for this is physical appearance concerns. Personal use in the UK is not illegal, however, selling and purchasing is an offense, making AAS users automatically law breakers. AAS users do not perceive themselves as engaging in a criminal activity nor do they see themselves as ‘illicit drug-users’ as they see their use as having a clear purpose. There is a stigma to using AAS with the public’s perception of use, coming from celebrities such as Arnold Schwarzenegger, and media stories about ‘roid rage’. Yet, AAS users do not experience less stigma as those who choose to use other controlled substances e.g. cocaine or heroin. Reasons for this could include this population is not perceived as causing harm to others through their use, or the small number of users. Such societal perceptions impact the penalties for use, and support provided. This chapter explores the motivations behind using AAS, the personal and legal risks associated with their use, the impact of stigma, and the barriers to accessing support within Western Society.

Source: Manual